Ayman Al -Zawahiri: From an eye surgeon to the leader of al -Qaeda

After the recent appearance of the al -Qaeda leader, Ayman al -Zawahiri, speculation about the possibility of his death was increased instead of dispeling it, and in a report by Indian Gregory recently published in the Independent the writer says that "the shots, which were produced and launched by the official media arm of al -Qaeda, the clouds, presented the first new glimpse of al -Zawahiri since the emergence of rumorsAbout his death due to illness for the first time in late last year..

What we can know is that the alive phenomena until January. ”While his speech referred to the American withdrawal from Afghanistan, which was first confirmed in February 2020 under the Doha Agreement, he did not refer to the Taliban seizure of Afghanistan last month.

However, Al -Zawahiri referred to "an attack targeting Russian forces on the outskirts of the city of Raqqa, northern Syria, last January of this year, several weeks after rumors of his death for the first time in November.".

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According to Hassan Hassan, founder of the New Lines magazine, and quoting sources close to the organization, "Al -Qaeda leadership did not comment on reports related to his potential death when it appeared for the first time in November.".

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Before that, Al -Zawahiri was seen as the right forearm, Laden, and the main view of al -Qaeda.

Some experts believe that one of the main elements behind the September 11, 2001 attacks, as his name was secondly after bin Laden in a list of 22 of the "most important terrorists" for the United States.

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Some experts indicate that the Egyptian jihad organization took control of al -Qaeda when it coincided with the end of the nineties of the last century.

Al -Zawahiri had last seen in the town of Khost, eastern Afghanistan in October 2001, when Washington began its military campaign to overthrow the Taliban government.

At that time, he was able to disappear in the mountainous areas along the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, with the help of sympathetic tribesmen..

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Al -Zawahiri has emerged as one of the prominent speakers in the name of Al Qaeda.He appeared in 16 visual and audible tapes in 2007, and this represents 4 times the appearance of bin Laden in the same year.

It is believed that Al -Zawahiri was targeted with an American missile strike on January 13, 2006 near the Pakistani border with Afghanistan..

4 members of Al -Qaeda were killed in the attack, but Al -Zawahiri survived and appeared on a video after two weeks in which the American president, George Bush, warned that neither he nor "all the forces on the ground" can kill him if not..

In July of 2007, it appeared in a lengthy visual tape in which Muslims around the world urge to join the jihadist movement and circumvent al -Qaeda..

In the same tape, Al -Zawahiri defined the future base strategy, and said that the organization, in the short term, aims to attack the interests of "Crusaders and Jews", intending the United States and its allies in the West and Israel..

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As for the long term, al -Zawahiri considered the overthrow of the regimes in the world, such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt, the primary goal, calling for the use of Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia as areas to train Islamic militants..

On June 8, 2011, Al -Zawahiri issued a statement warning Americans that bin Laden will continue to "intimidate" the United States even from his grave.

"Distinguished Family"

Al -Zawahiri, born in the Egyptian capital, Cairo, falls on June 19, 1951, from a distinguished family of the middle class, and has many doctors and religious scholars.

His grandfather, Rabie Al -Zawahiri, held the position of Sheikh of Al -Azhar Mosque, who is one of the most important essential Islamic Islamic education centers in the Middle East, while one of his uncles was the first Secretary -General of the League of Arab States.

The British Knowledge Department says that Al -Zawahiri grew up in the Maadi neighborhood, south of Cairo, and was greatly affected by the writings of Sayyid Qutb..

Al -Zawahiri has been involved in the activities of political Islam movements at an early age, and he is still in school, and he was arrested at the age of fifteen, for joining the banned Muslim Brotherhood..

The Muslim Brotherhood is one of the oldest and largest Islamic groups in Egypt.

But Al -Zawahiri's political activity did not prevent him from studying medicine at Cairo University, from which he graduated in 1974.

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Then he served for 3 years an army surgeon, and in 1978 he obtained a master's degree in surgery.

From 1980 to 1981 he traveled as a relief worker with the Red Crescent to Peshawar, Pakistan, where he treated the refugees affected by the Afghan war..During that time, he made several border trips to Afghanistan, where he watched the war closely.

It is reported that his father, Muhammad, who died in 1995, was a professor in pharmacy at the same university.

"A young radical"

Al -Zawahiri began at the beginning to follow family traditions, and he founded a medical clinic in a suburb of Cairo, but he quickly attracted to Islamic groups that were calling for the overthrow of the Egyptian government..

He joined the Egyptian Islamic Jihad community since its foundation in 1973.

In 1981, he was arrested among the accused of the assassination of the then Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.

Sadat had angered the Islamic activists by signing a peace agreement with Israel, and the arrest of hundreds of his critics in a security campaign at the time..

During one of the trial sessions, al -Zawahiri appeared as a spokesman for the accused, for his mastery of the English language, and he said to the court: "We are Muslims who believe in our religion and seek to establish the Islamic state and the Islamic community.".

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Although he was acquitted in the case of the assassination of Sadat, he was convicted of illegally possessing weapons, and he was sentenced to 3 years in prison.

According to his fellow Islamic prisoners, Al -Zawahiri was subjected to torture regularly by the authorities during his period in prison in Egypt, which is the experience that is said to have turned him into extremism.

After his release in 1985, he left for Saudi Arabia.

Shortly after that, he went to Peshawar in Pakistan and the neighboring Afghanistan at a later time, where he established a faction for the Egyptian Islamic Jihad movement, and also worked as a doctor in the country during the Soviet occupation period..

Al -Zawahiri took over the leadership of the jihad group after its return to appearing in 1993, and the main character was behind a series of attacks inside Egypt, including the attempt to assassinate the then Prime Minister Atef Sidqi.

The series of attacks, launched by that group to overthrow the Egyptian government and establish an Islamic state in the country during the mid -nineties of the last century, caused the killing of more than 1,200 people in Egypt.

In 1997, the US State Department said that the leader of the "Tala'i Al -Fath" group, a faction of the Islamic Jihad movement, is behind the massacre of foreign tourists in the city of Luxor in the same year..

Two years later, Al -Zawahiri was sentenced to death in absentia by an Egyptian military court for its role in many attacks in Egypt.

Western goals

In the years that followed the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, it is believed that Al -Zawahiri resided in Bulgaria, Denmark and Switzerland, and he sometimes used a false passport to travel to the Balkan, Austria, Yemen, Iraq, Iran and the Philippines.

The British Knowledge Department says that bin Laden had left for Sudan in 1992, where Al -Zawahiri joined him in the end there, and in June of 1995 a failed attempt to assassinate Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and under international pressure expelled the Sudanese in the end Al -Zawahiri, Bin Laden and their followers.

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In December 1996, reports indicated that Al -Zawahiri was imprisoned for six months, in Russia after his arrest, for his entry into Dagestan, on his way to Chechnya, without a valid entry visa..

According to an article written by Al -Zawahiri, the Russian authorities failed to identify the Arabic texts in their computer, and therefore did not discover his identity..

In 1997, Al -Zawahiri moved to the Afghan city of Jalalabad, where Laden was residing.

A year later, the jihad organization and five other radical groups joined bin Laden and al -Qaeda, forming the "International Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders".

The Declaration of the Front for the first time included a religious fatwa that allows the killing of civilians in the United States, and after 6 months, two of the coinciding attacks were destroyed by the two American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 223 people..

Al -Zawahiri's calls on a space phone were used as a guide to prove that the base was behind the attack.

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Two weeks after the attacks, Washington bombed militant Islamic training camps in Afghanistan.The next day, Al -Zawahiri called a Pakistani journalist, and said: "Say to the Americans that these missiles and their threats, and their aggressive actions do not frighten us.The war has just started ".

Al -Qaeda and Taliban

After the death of bin Laden in 2011, he pledged allegiance to his successor, Ayman Al -Zawahiri, Mullah Omar, on behalf of al -Qaeda and its regional branches.

The pledge was renewed in 2014 after the announcement of the "caliphate" establishment in Iraq and Syria.

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In July 2015, the Taliban announced that Mullah Omar died two years ago..

Al -Zawahiri reiterated his sale to the new leader of the Taliban Mullah Akhtar Muhammad Mansour, on August 13, 2015, pledging to "jihad to liberate every inch of the occupied Islamic lands.".

Mansour quickly admitted that he had received the pledge of allegiance to the "leader of the International Jihadist Organization", which is a clear recognition of the goals of "global jihadi work" for al -Qaeda..

This position completely contradicts the message that the Taliban tries to deliver to the outside world, which is that the group is concerned with the application of Islam in Afghanistan only and wants to establish normal relations with the neighboring countries.

When the current leader, Heba Allah, took over the leadership of the group after the death of Mansour in an American air strike in May 2016, the Taliban did not publicly recognize the allegiance of Al -Zawahiri to the movement as it did not deny it..

This ambiguity that surrounds the current situation of the sale is at the heart of the controversy and the constant certainty about the relationship between the two groups.